CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND CRYOGENIC LIQUIDS Click on any of the links below to download high resolution pdfs of any figure FIG. 1.1: Immersion test probe FIG. 1.2: Temperature ranges for measurements in cryogenic liquids energy as a function of temperature FIG. 1.3: Amount of liquid helium remaining after pumping the bath down to various temperatures FIG. 1.4: Abrupt change in boiling behavior of liquid helium at the superfluid lambda-point transition (2.177 K) FIG. 1.5: Superfluid film creep FIG. 1.6: Variable-temperature dipper probe for low-current measurements FIG. 1.7: Sample-holder section of a low-current dipper probe FIG. 1.8: Small-diameter dipper probe for testing within the confined space of a high-field magnet FIG. 1.9: Warming chamber FIG. 1.10: Variable-temperature cryostat based on continuous transfer of liquid-cryogen from a storage dewar FIG. 1.11: Sample mounted on cooling stage of a commercial Gifford-McMahon (G-M) cryocooler to a cold plate on which the test sample is mounted FIG. 1.12: Pulse-tube cryocooler FIG. 1.13: Variable temperature cryostat based on continuous flow of cold helium gas over the test sample FIG. 1.14: Dewar arrangements for high-current testing FIG. 1.15: Lambda-point refrigerator for operating continuously at temperatures just above the superfluid transition temperature (2.177 K) FIG. 1.16: Saturated-liquid-container refrigerator for obtaining continuous high-cooling power at superfluid-helium temperatures (< 2.177 K) FIG. 1.17: Radial-access magnet arrangement for measuring the dependence of cryogenic properties on the angle of the magnetic field B FIG. 1.18: Transferring liquid helium from a storage dewar into a test dewar References: Listing of all References for Chapter 1 Figures
