CHAPTER 3: CONSTRUCTION

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FIG. 3.1: Thermal conductivity of selected classes of materials

FIG. 3.2: Thermal expansion of selected construction materials

FIG. 3.3: Volumetric heat capacity (at constant pressure, CP) of several types of materials at cryogenic temperatures

FIG. 3.4: Temperature dependence of the yield strength of several cryostat materials

FIG. 3.5: Example of choosing materials that will tighten a joint on cooling

FIG. 3.6: Burn-down lip machined into a circular plate to increase welded-joint reliability

FIG. 3.7: Bulk thermal conductivity of common solder materials

FIG. 3.8: Joint designs with large soldered-surface areas for mechanical strength

FIG. 3.9: Schematic illustration of a mechanical test apparatus, showing titanium pull rod and stainless-steel (SS) load-reaction tube

FIG. 3.10: Geometry of beams and circular plates

FIG. 3.11: Vacuum requirements for various applications

FIG. 3.12: Metal C-ring seal

FIG. 3.13: Design of the ConFlat® flange seal

FIG. 3.14: Indium O-ring seal designs

FIG. 3.15: Cut-away view of indium O-ring cryogenic vacuum compression seal

FIG. 3.16: Conductance of cylindrical tubes at room temperature under conditions of free molecular flow

FIG. 3.17: Examples of correct and incorrect welding practice for vacuum applications

FIG. 3.18: Degassing rate for untreated metals, compared with Neoprene ™ plastic and Araldite™ epoxy

FIG. 3.19: Vapor pressure curves of metals: high-vapor-pressure metals

FIG. 3.20: Permeation constant K for helium through several Corning™ <em>glasses</em> as a function of temperature

FIG. 3.21: Permeation constant for helium gas through several ceramics as a function of temperature

FIG. 3.22: Permeation constant K for hydrogen through several metals as a function of temperature

References: Listing of all References for Chapter 3 Figures